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mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto } SPAN.GramE { mso-style-name: ""; mso-gram-e: yes } DIV.Section1 { page: Section1 } </STYLE> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]--> <META content=Kurt name=dc.creator> <META content="Effects of Repeated Immersion..." name=dc.title> <META content=2008-04-14T16:41:27:00 name=dc.date> <META content=2008-04-14T18:04:19:00 name=dc.date.modified><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="6146"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></HEAD> <BODY lang=DE style="tab-interval: 35.4pt" vLink=purple aLink=#f0000a link=blue bgColor=white> <DIV class=Section1> <DIV> <H2 style="MARGIN: 5pt 56pt 5pt 36pt"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: #221e1f; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Effects of Repeated Immersion of the Forearm in Cold Water on the Habituation of Pain Thresholds in Healthy Subjects <o:p></o:p></SPAN></H2> <P style="MARGIN: 5pt 56pt 5pt 36pt"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">B <SPAN class=GramE>Kalpakcioglu ,</SPAN> CE Gokpinar , A Khani , C Gutenbrunner , MJ Fischer <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 0pt 36pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond">Summary<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 0pt 36pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond">BACKGROUND: The cold pressor test (CPT), which involves immersion of body extremities in cold water, is well known for its cardiovascular effects. Less studied are the responses to pain, which are influenced by age, gender (specifically the point in the menstrual cycle for premenopausal women) and the cognitive attitude of the subject in regard to preparation for the test. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 0pt 36pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 0pt 36pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond">METHODS: In order to further examine the roles of proposed mechanisms that account for the resultant pain, including the habituation response, which is a sign of cold water adaptation, we recruited 17 healthy male subjects and measured cardiovascular parameters and pressure pain threshold at baseline and after immersion of the forearm in cold water (4 degrees C). In intervention 1, the subjects had their forearms immersed 6 times for 1 minute, with 5 minutes between immersions. In intervention 2, the subjects had their forearms immersed 4 times for 1 minute, with 15 minutes between immersions. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 0pt 36pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 0pt 36pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond">RESULTS: Both groups demonstrated increases in heart rate and blood pressure following initial immersion, but in intervention 2 we observed a further increase in heart rate following the third immersion, and slightly higher blood pressure compared to subjects in intervention 1. In regard to pain threshold, the subjects in intervention 2 showed a significantly higher pain threshold compared to subjects in intervention 1.. We also observed a slightly higher temperature in the forearms of subjects in intervention 2 compared to subjects in intervention 1. Overall the results indicate that subjects in intervention 2 had a higher pain threshold for a given forearm temperature. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 6pt 36pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 6pt 36pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond">CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that habituation to cold water immersion contains a component that involves nociceptive inhibition of pain at the segmental level of the spinal cord. In addition, while we did not observe the large fluctuations between subjects in response to the CPT that has been occasionally reported, we suggest that cold pressor response results be interpreted with caution in clinical and experimental pain studies.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 0pt 36pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond">KEY WORDS: habituation, pain threshold, blood pressure, autonomic nervous system<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 5pt 56pt 5pt 36pt"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: #221e1f; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 6pt 36pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond">EINFLUSS EINES WIEDERHOLTEN KALTEN TAUCHBADES DES UNTERAMS AUF DIE<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN>HABITUATION VON SCHMERZSCHWELLEN VON GESUNDEN PERSONEN<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 0pt 36pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond">HINTERGRUND UND ZWECK DER STUDIE: Der Cold-Pressure-Test (CPT) ist ein Reiz-Reaktionsmodell, das vielfach verwendet wird um Kreislaufreaktion und  regulation zu untersuchen. Weniger bekannt sind dabei die Reaktionen auf Schmerz, bedingt durch Alters- und Geschlechtsunterschiede sowie premenopausale Zyklusabhängigkeit.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 0pt 36pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond">METHODE: Um zu klären ob die Habituation von Druck-, Hitze- und Kälteschmerzschwellenreaktionen auf Kältereize vom Applikationsintervall abhängig sind, wurden bei 17 gesunden männlichen Probanden kardiovaskuläre Parameter, Druck-, Hitze- und Kälte-schmerzschwellen nach Immersion (1 Minute) des Unterarmes in 4°C kaltem Wasser bestimmt. Es wurden zwei Interventionen mit unterschiedlichen Intervallen durchgeführt. In Intervention 1 mussten die Probanden die Unterarme 6mal eintauchen mit einem 5 Minuten Intervall zwischen den Immersionen, in Intervention 2 mussten die Probanden die Unterarme 4mal eintauchen mit einem Intervall von 15 Minuten.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 0pt 36pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond">ERGEBNISSE: Beide Gruppen zeigten Zunahmen der Pulsfrequenz und des Blutdruckes. Die Probanden zeigten in Intervention 2 im Vergleich zu Intervention 1, eine deutlich erhöhte Schmerzschwelle. Es wurden auch höhere Hauttemperatur in der Intervention 2 gemessen. Die Höhe der Schmerzschwellen korreliert in hohem Maße mit der sinkenden lokalen Oberflächentemperatur.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 6pt 36pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond">SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG: Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie deuten daraufhin, dass bei der Habituation auf Kältereize die noziptive Hemmung auf spinaler Ebene möglicherweise eine Rolle spielt. Da keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Probanden auf den CPT beobachtet werden konnte, sollte der CPT in Zukunft bei klinischen und experimentellen Schmerzstudien mit Vorsicht zur Interpretation der Ergebnisse herangezogen werden.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 0pt 36pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond">SCHLÜSSELWÖRTER: Habituation, Schmerzschwelle, Blutdruck, autonomes Nervensystem<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 5pt 56pt 5pt 36pt"><SPAN style="COLOR: #221e1f; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Thermology international 2008, 18: 51-.56<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></BODY></HTML>