ÿþ<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3c.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/loose.dtd"> <!-- Created from PDF via Acrobat SaveAsXML --><!-- Mapping table version: 28-February-2003 --><HTML xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40" xmlns:v = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word"><HEAD> <META http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=unicode"> <META content=Word.Document name=ProgId> <META content="MSHTML 6.00.6000.16674" name=GENERATOR> <META content="Microsoft Word 10" name=Originator><LINK href="abstract%208_3_2-Dateien/filelist.xml" rel=File-List><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:DocumentProperties> <o:Author>Kurt Ammer</o:Author> <o:Template>Normal</o:Template> <o:LastAuthor>Kurt Ammer</o:LastAuthor> <o:Revision>4</o:Revision> <o:Created>2008-07-11T11:31:00Z</o:Created> <o:LastSaved>2008-07-11T14:21:00Z</o:LastSaved> <o:Pages>1</o:Pages> <o:Words>463</o:Words> <o:Characters>2918</o:Characters> <o:Lines>24</o:Lines> <o:Paragraphs>6</o:Paragraphs> <o:CharactersWithSpaces>3375</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:Version>10.6626</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:Zoom>75</w:Zoom> <w:GrammarState>Clean</w:GrammarState> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--> <STYLE>@font-face { font-family: Garamond; } @page Section1 {size: 595.3pt 841.9pt; margin: 70.85pt 68.0pt 2.0cm 70.85pt; mso-header-margin: 35.4pt; mso-footer-margin: 35.4pt; mso-paper-source: 0; } DIV[class='Part'] { MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px; TEXT-ALIGN: left } DIV[class='Sect'] { MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px; TEXT-ALIGN: left } TABLE { FLOAT: none } P.MsoNormal { FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-parent: ""; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman" } LI.MsoNormal { FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-parent: ""; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman" } DIV.MsoNormal { FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"; mso-style-parent: ""; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman" } H2 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 10.8pt 26.4pt 0cm; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2 } H5 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 4.2pt 4.8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 5; mso-line-height-alt: 7.8pt } A:link { COLOR: blue; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; text-underline: single } SPAN.MsoHyperlink { COLOR: blue; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; text-underline: single } A:visited { COLOR: purple; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; text-underline: single } SPAN.MsoHyperlinkFollowed { COLOR: purple; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; text-underline: single } P { FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 15pt 366.6pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman" } DIV.Section1 { page: Section1 } </STYLE> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]--> <META content=Kurt name=dc.creator> <META content="Segmentation and Noise Remova..." name=dc.title> <META content=2008-07-10T14:48:48+02:00 name=dc.date> <META content=2008-07-10T14:48:48+02:00 name=dc.date.modified><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="4098"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></HEAD> <BODY lang=DE style="tab-interval: 35.4pt" vLink=purple aLink=#f0000a link=blue bgColor=white> <DIV class=Section1> <DIV> <H2 style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 18pt 27pt"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: #211e1e; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Segmentation and Noise Removal on Thermographic Images of Hands </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></H2> <DIV> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 12pt 27pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #211e1e; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Ricardo Vardasca, Usama Bajwa </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV> <DIV> <DIV> <H5 style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 4.2pt 27pt"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #211e1e; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">SUMMARY </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></H5></DIV> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 4.2pt 27pt; mso-line-height-alt: 7.8pt"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: #211e1e; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Hands are physiologically those parts of the body (together with the feet) where body radiant heat loss is highest. The temperature of the hands may be very close to the environmantal temperature and therefore may be difficult to be separated from the background in the infrared images. From all parts of the body, hands are most complex in shape and therefore difficult to segment. A correct outline, however, is needed for studying certain diseases such as arthritis, neuromusculoskeletal injuries or circulatory pathology by thermal imaging. Manual segmentation is possible but time consuming and inaccurate to reproduce. </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 4.2pt 27pt; mso-line-height-alt: 7.8pt"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: #211e1e; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">The aim of this study was to investigate which of the many automatic edge detection algorithms known from literature produce the best performance in such low contrast thermal images. Additionally, the effect of pixel noise on this process is analysed by using a homomorphic filter prior to edge detection. This filter is appropriate because it allows pixel noise produced by the imaging system to be modelled as an additive term to the original image. </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 4.2pt 27pt; mso-line-height-alt: 7.8pt"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: #211e1e; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Two analyses are performed, a visual (subjective) and a quantitative (objective) for the extracted edges. Both assessment methods conclude that the best outlining results are achieved when using a probabilistic (Canny and Shen-Castan) edge detector together with homomorphic noise filter pre-processing. </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 10.8pt 27pt; mso-line-height-alt: 7.8pt"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: #211e1e; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">KEY WORDS: Edge detection, hands, noise reduction, outline, segmentation, thermal image <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 10.8pt 27pt; mso-line-height-alt: 7.8pt"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P></DIV> <DIV> <H5 style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 4.2pt 27pt"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #211e1e; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">SEGMENTIERUNG UND RAUSCHUNTERDRÜCKUNG IN WÄRMEBILDERN VON HÄNDEN </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></H5> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 4.2pt 27pt; mso-line-height-alt: 7.8pt"><SPAN style="COLOR: #211e1e; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Physiologisch gesehen sind die Hände gemeinsam mit den Füßen die Körperteile mit dem höchsten Anteil der Abgabe von Strahlungswärme. Die Handtemperatur kann sehr nahe an der Umgebungstemperatur liegen und deswegen kann in Wärmebildern die Abgrenzung der Hände vom Hintergrund schwierig sein. Darüber hinaus gehört Form der die Hände zu den am meisten komplexen Körperteilen und deshalb ist die Segmentierung dieser Form besonders schwierig. Allerdings ist eine korrekte Umrisslinie notwendig um Krankeiten wie Gelenkentzündung, neuromuskluläre Verletzungen oder Durchblutungsstörungen mittels Thermographie zu untersuchen. Die Segmentierung von Hand ist zwar möglich, allerdings Zeit aufwändig und wenig zuverlässig. </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Garamond"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 4.2pt 27pt; mso-line-height-alt: 7.8pt"><SPAN style="COLOR: #211e1e; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Das Ziel der Studie war es zu untersuchen, welche der zahlreichen Algorithmen in der Literatur zur Kantendedektierung von kontrastarmen Wärmebildern die bestern Ergebnisse liefert. Außerdem, wurde der Einfluss des Rauschens der Pixel auf die Kantendedektierung analysiert, indem vor der Kantenentdeckung ein homomorphes Filter eingesetzt worden war. Eine solche Filterung erscheint geeignet, da es aus dem Pixelrauschen des bildgebenden Systems eine zusätzliche Eigenschaft des Originalbildes generiert. </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Garamond"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 4.2pt 27pt; mso-line-height-alt: 7.8pt"><SPAN style="COLOR: #211e1e; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Für die Kantendedektierung wurden eine visuelle (subjektive) und eine quantitative (objektive) Analyse durchgeführt. Beide Analysen kamen zu dem Ergebnis, dass die beste Umrissbestimmung der Hände in Wärmebildern mit dem probabilistischen (Canny and Shen-Castan) Algorithmus zur Kantendedektion nach Vorbearbeitung mit einem homomorphen Rauschfilter erzielt werden kann. </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Garamond"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV> <DIV> <H5 style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 7.2pt 27pt"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #211e1e; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">SCHLÜSSELWÖRTER: Kantendedektierung, Hände, Rauschunterdrückung, Umriss, Segmentierung, Wärmebild </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></H5> <DIV> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 56pt 26.4pt 27pt; mso-line-height-alt: 7.8pt"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #211e1e; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Thermology international 2008, 18, 89-94 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></BODY></HTML>